El tratamiento del plan AUGE (GES) de la anemia en diálisis crónica no ha sido eficaz y, probablemente, no se han aprovechado los recursos económicos destinados para ello / Results of the explicit health guaranties program to correct anemia of end stage renal disease patients in dialysis

Background: In July 2010 end stage renal disease anemia correction was incorporated to the program of explicit health guaranties of the Ministry of Health. The treatment plan included intravenous iron and erythropoietin. The prescription of these medications carne from the deriving health organizations. Aim: To describe the results of that program in 11 dialysis facilities belonging to Fresenius Medical Care (a private organization) distributed in the six Metropolitan Health Services (MHS) in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: We selected 328 patients who remained in dialysis treatment at least between June 2010 and March 2011 and had a packed red cell volume lower than 30%, representing the target of the Plan. The evolution of packed red cell volume and the proportion of anemic patients in the facilities from each MHS were evaluated. Results: The two above mentioned variables began to improve only in December 2010. In no MHS, with the exception of the Eastern MHS, the mean hematocrit improved to higher than 30%, nor was the proportion of anemic patients reduced to lower than 50%o. Conclusions: Treatment of anemia of end stage renal disease in dialysis, implemented by the explicit health guaranties program of the Ministry of Health, was ineffective in almost all MHS in Santiago.

Cálculo del impacto económico para Chile del uso de losartán en diabéticos tipo 2 con nefropatía diabética, basado en resultados del estudio RENAAL / Economic impact of Losartan use in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy

Background: The study RENAAL (Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan) demonstrated that Losartan was more effective lo reduce the progression of kidney disease in diabetic patients with proteinuria and a reduction in glomerular filtration rate. Aim: To perform a cost benefit analysis of Losartan use from provider and payer points of view. Material and methods: Published data of the RENAAL study was analyzed. The costs of the use or not use of Losartan in patients with diabetic nephropathy were compared in terms of total costs of the disease including medications, hospital admissions for myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accidents and congestive cardiac failure and the costs of chronic hemodialysis. Results: The reduction in antihypertensive medication use, hospital admissions, and the delay in dialysis requirement from a mean of 65 to 79 months induced by Losartan use, results in net savings of $7,576,135 per patient, at 3.5 years of intervention. The figure does not change using different sensitivity scenarios. Conclusions: The eventual use of Losartan in type 2 diabetic patients results in important savings.

Enfrentamiento quirúrgico de las lesiones del tendón de biceps distal / Surgical approach in distal biceps tendon lesions

Surgical treatment of distal biceps tendon ruptures is indicated in active patients, and its aim is to recover mainly the supination strength, and flexion secondarily, focusing the controversy on its approach and fixation systems. Objective: To present a patients series results operated on for this injury, with different surgical techniques. Methods: Ten patients were evaluated retrospectively analyzing descriptively: age, evolution time, approach and fixation types, grafts use, functional and satisfaction outcome, and complications. Results: It was considered excellent in all patients, despite the use of different types of fixation and approaches, either in acute or chronic, with few complications. Conclusion: According to our results, and the literature review, it can be obtained excellent functional results, with different approaches and fixation systems, allowing an early rehabilitation.

El tratamiento quirúrgico en las roturas del tendón de bíceps distal se indica en pacientes activos, e intenta recuperar principalmente la fuerza de supinación, y secundariamente de flexión, centrando la controversia en su abordaje y sistemas de fijación. Objetivo: Presentar los resultados en una serie de pacientes operados de esta lesión, con diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas. Métodos: Se evalúan retrospectivamente diez pacientes, analizando descriptivamente edad, tiempo de evolución, tipo de abordaje y fijaciones, uso de injertos, resultados funcionales, grado de satisfacción, y complicaciones. Resultados: Fueron considerados excelentes en todos los pacientes, a pesar del uso de distintos tipos de fijación y abordajes, en roturas agudas y crónicas, con escasas complicaciones. Conclusión: De acuerdo a lo presentado, y acorde a la literatura revisada, se pueden obtener excelentes resultados funcionales, con diferentes abordajes y sistemas de fijación, que permitan una rehabilitación precoz.

Concomitancia de anticuerpos antimembrana basal y ANCA en el síndrome riñón-pulmón / Concomitance of glomerular basement membrane antibodies and ANCA in pulmonary - renal syndrome

La enfermedad antimembrana basal glomerular (anti-MBG) es una condición que se manifiesta clínicamente como glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva y hemorragia alveolar, también llamada Síndrome Riñón- Pulmón. Se asocia a la presencia de autoanticuerpos dirigidos contra el colágeno tipo IV de la membrana basal glomerular. Las vasculitis sistémicas asociadas a ANCA también pueden manifestarse como Síndrome Riñón-Pulmón, cuadro clínico a veces indistinguible de la enfermedad anti-MBG. La concomitancia de ANCA y anticuerpos anti-MBG en el Síndrome Riñón-Pulmón es del orden de un 30 por ciento, según distintos reportes de la literatura. El perfil clínico, el pronóstico y el rol fisiopatológico de cada anticuerpo en este grupo de pacientes todavía son materia de investigación. El mecanismo patogénico inicial parece ser el daño mediado por ANCA, que puede inducir la aparición de anticuerpos anti-MBG, los que perpetúan el daño en el glomérulo.

Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-MBG) disease is a condition that is manifested clinically as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and alveolar hemorrhage, also known as Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome. It is associated with the presence of autoantibodies directed against type IV collagen of the glomerular basement membrane. Systemic vasculitis associated with ANCA may also manifest as Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome, sometimes clinically indistinguishable from the anti-MBG disease.The concomitance of ANCA and anti-MBG antibodies in the Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome is about 30 percent, according to various reports in literature. The clinical profile, prognosis and physiopathologic roles of each antibody in this group of patients is still under investigation. The pathogenic mechanism appears to be the initial damage mediated by ANCA, which may induce the appearance of anti-MBG, those who perpetuate the glomerulus damage.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la inestabilidad de hombro: evaluación de resultados / Results in the surgical treatment of the unstable shoulder

Objective: Evaluate the functional outcome in surgically treated patients with the diagnosis of shoulder instability, analyzing subgroups of patients. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 93 shoulders operated with a minimum of 2 years follow up. There were 80 men and 10 woman with an average age of 26 years. We evaluated shoulder range of motion, sports activity, episodes of dislocations and type of surgery. Patients answered the quick DASH and ASES tests. For the statistical analysis we used simple linear regression, Wilcoxon Test and T Test for independent samples. Results: 98 percent reported a stable shoulder, 97 percent mild or non limitations in sports activity and nobody referred problems in activities of daily living. 13 percent had another episode of dislocation after the initial surgery. The subjective functional outcome was better in patients that practiced non contact sports and in the group of under 40 years (p < 0.05). At the clinical evaluation, the group of under 40 years had a better abduction than older and patients with only one surgery had a better anterior flexion than patients with multiple surgeries (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Surgical treatment is a good alternative in unstable shoulders, because no limitation in daily activities were reported. The rate of redislocation is similar to the reported in the literature, and we think that it is related to the type of sport activity.

Objetivo: Evaluar a mediano plazo el resultado funcional de pacientes operados por luxación de hombro, analizando subgrupos de pacientes. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo. Analizamos 93 hombros operados con un seguimiento mínimo de dos años. Ochenta hombres y 10 mujeres, edad promedio 26 años. Evaluamos tipo de actividad deportiva, número de luxaciones, tipo de cirugía (abierta vs artroscópica). Se examinó el rango de movilidad comparando al lado sano y se realizó pauta de quick DASH y ASES. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó regresión lineal simple, Test de Wilcoxon y T Test para muestras independientes. Resultados: 98 por ciento describen su hombro estable, 97 por ciento sin limitación o limitación leve para real izar actividad deportiva. El 100 por ciento realiza actividades de la vida diana sin limitación. Hubo 13 por ciento de recidiva. Se registró mejor resultado funcional en pacientes que practicaban deporte de no contacto y en menores de 40 años vs mayores (p<0.05). Al examen, en menores de 40 años, se encontró un mejor rango en la abducción y en los pacientes con una sola cirugía, la flexión anterior fue mayor (p <0.05). Conclusión: El tratamiento quirúrgico es una alternativa óptima para los pacientes con inestabilidad glenohumeral. Permite una recuperación de las actividades de la vida diaria con mínimas complicaciones. Sin embargo, hay un porcentaje de recidiva esperable que podría estar en relación al tipo de actividad deportiva.

Fijación de tuberosidades en hemiartroplastía de hombro: descripción y comparación de dos técnicas / Tuberosity fixation in shoulder hemiartroplasty: technique comparison

Introduction: The results in shoulder fracture hemiartroplasty´s, or fracture dislocation, have been traditionally no predictable. These have been related to difficulty in obtaining a suitable consolidation of the tuberosities. On the other hand, reconstruction with more anatomical fixation have improved the functional results. The purpose of our study is to describe, and analyze, the functional and radiological results of two different techniques of tuberosities fixation in shoulder hemiartroplasty. Material and Methods: Between March of 1996 and December 2005, 47 patients (47 shoulders) underwent hemiarthroplasty by 3- and 4- part displaced proximal humerus fracture, or fracture dislocation. We performed in 29cases (61.7 percent) trans tuberosities sutures technique (group I), and in 18 (38.3 percent) independents sutures technique (group II). The average age and sex distribution, was similar between both groups. Constant score and radiological parameters, as head tuberosity distance (HTD) and consolidation of the tuberosities, were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA and Fischer exact test. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistical significant. Results: Constant Score revealed a difference in favor to group II (66.2 versus 72.8 points; p = 0,1).Radiographic parameters, showed significant differences in favor of the group II (HTD 16.5 vs 8 mm; and 68 percent versus 100 percent consolidation respectively; p < 0,05). Conclusion: According to our results, and in concordance with international literature, tuberosities fixation with independent sutures allow better consolidation, with smaller superior migration, improving the final functional results.

Los resultados de la hemiartroplastía en fracturas o luxo fracturas de hombro, tradicionalmente han sido poco predecibles. Estos se han relacionado a la dificultad en conseguir una adecuada consolidación de las tuberosidades. Por otra parte, la reconstrucción y fijación más anatómica de éstas, ha permitido mejorar sus resultados funcionales. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es describir, y analizar, los resultados funcionales y radiológicos, de dos técnicas de fijación de las tuberosidades en la hemiartroplastía de hombro. Material y Métodos: Entre marzo de 1996 y diciembre de 2005, 47 pacientes (47 hombros) con diagnóstico de fractura de húmero proximal, o luxo fracturas, en 3 ó 4 partes, fueron tratados con prótesis parcial. Se realizó en 29 casos (61,7 por ciento), la técnica de amarras trans tuberositaria (grupo I), y en 18 (38,3 por ciento) la de amarras independientes a modo de cerclaje (grupo II). La edad promedio y sexo, fueron similares entre ambos grupos. Se analizaron variables como score de Constant, y parámetros radiológicos, como la distancia tuberosidad cabeza humeral (HTD), y la presencia de consolidación de las tuberosidades. El análisis estadístico fue hecho con los tests de ANOVA y exacto de Fisher. Los valores p < 0,05 fueron considerados estadísticamente significativos. Resultados: El score de Constant, presentó una diferencia en favor del grupo II, la que no fue significativa (66,2 vs 72,8 puntos; p = 0,1). Los parámetros radiográficos sí mostraron diferencias significativas, a favor del grupo II (HTD 16,5 vs 8 mm; y 68 por ciento vs 100 por ciento consolidación respectivamente; p < 0,05). Conclusión: De acuerdo a nuestros resultados, y en concordancia con la literatura internacional, la fijación de tuberosidades con amarras independientes permite una mejor consolidación, y menor migración superior, lo que permite mejorar los resultados funcionales.

La implementación del Plan de Acceso Universal y Garantías Explícitas (Plan AUGE) ha deteriorado la calidad del tratamiento de pacientes con insuficiencia renal terminal / Effects of the implementation of Universal Access with Explicit Guaranties (AUGE) Plan on the quality of care of patients with terminal renal failure

Background: The implementation of the AUGE plan for renal failure in Chile in August 2002, generated larger waiting list for outpatient care. Aim: To analyze the incidence of terminal renal failure, the proportion of patients that were admitted to hemodialysis using a definitive vascular access and the lapse of use of transitory catheters, before and after the implementation of AUGE in Calama. Material and Mehtods: Since 1999, in a dialysis center of Calama, all new patients that are admitted to hemodialysis and the type of vascular access they have are registered. Using this registry, the incidence of terminal renal failure and the lapse between the admission to the center and the installation of a definitive vascular access were calculated for the period 2000 to 2005. Results: From January 2000 to December 2003, the incidence of terminal renal failure was stable in 190 ± 21 patients per million inhabitants (ppmh). It decreased between January and September 2004 to 124 ± 18.6. Afterwards, it progressively increased to 221 ± 21 ppmh. In the study period, the proportion of patients admitted to hemodialysis with a definitive access decreased from 63 to 10 percent (p<0.01) and the mean lapse of transitory catheter use, increased from 32.9 ± 42.6 to 73.1 ± 80.4 days (p<0.01). Conclusions: The implementation of AUGE for chronic renal failure reduced the quality of care of patients admitted to hemodialysis.

Rol de la biopsia renal en el tratamiento de la nefritis lúpica / Renal biopsy role in the lupus nephritis treatment

Renal compromise in systemic lupus erythematosus is common and has poor prognosis. The presence of glomerular hematuria, proteinuria and/or decrease of glomerular filtration rate, with or withouth hypertension, reflect lupus nephritis and recommend kidney biopsy. The histological classifications from both the World Health Organization and the International Society of Nephrology help to establish a precise diagnosis, to segment treatment and estimate renal survival better than using clinical markers alone. In addition to adequate immunosuppressive therapy, it is necesary to prescribe drugs that protect from progressive impairment of renal function secondary to kidney sequels brought on by lupus nephritis and hypertension.

Resección artroscópica de clavícula distal por abordaje combinado: evaluación funcional y de la técnica quirúrgica / Arthroscopic distal clavicle resection from a combine approach: functional and surgical technique evaluation

The success of the distal clavicular resection (DCR) is related with the nonarticular contact and the preservation of the stabilizers ligaments of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. A retrospective revision of 25 patients that underwent to an arthroscopic DCR by a bursal approach associated to a posterior AC portal was done. The average age was 50 year-old. Twenty four patients presented A Costeoarthritis and one patient a microinstability. Twenty patients presented an associated pathology, and the majority of them were rotator cuff injuries. After a follow-up of 15,2 months, 92 percent of the patients presented no AC pain. The surgical technique allows the preservation of the superior and partially of the posterior AC ligament in all the cases. Two patients presented pain and one of them was reoperated. The evaluated technique show a high rate of satisfactories results an allow the preservation of the superior AC ligament.

El éxito de la resección de clavícula distal (RCD) se relaciona con la ausencia de contacto óseo y la conservación parcial de los estabilizadores de la articulación acromioclavicular (AC). Se realiza una revisión retrospectiva de 25 pacientes sometidos a una RCD artroscópica por vía bursal asociada a un portal AC posterior. La edad promedio fue 50 años. Veinticuatro pacientes presentaban artrosis AC y uno microinestabilidad de esa articulación. Veinte pacientes presentaban una patología asociada, la que en su mayoría fue del manguito rotador. Al término de un seguimiento promedio de 15,2 meses, 92 por ciento de los pacientes no presentó dolor AC. La técnica permitió la conservación del ligamento AC superior y en forma parcial del ligamento AC posterior en todos los casos. Dos pacientes persistieron con dolor y uno de éstos fue reintervenido. La técnica evaluada logra un alto porcentaje de resultados satisfactorios y permite la conservación del ligamento AC superior.

Inestabilidad posterolateral de rodilla: evaluación clínica de tres técnicas quirúrgicas / Posterolateral inestability of the knee: clinical evaluation of 3 surgical techniques

Objetivo: Definir cual es la mejor técnica quirúrgica para tratar la inestabilidad rotacional posterolateral es aun motivo de debate. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar tres técnicas quirúrgica utilizadas: Reparación anatómica primaria. Tenodésis del bíceps femoral. Reconstrucción del complejo posterolateral con técnica de Clancy modificada. Método. Evaluamos en forma retrospectiva y prospectiva el resultado clínico obtenido en el tratamiento 19 pacientes, 21 rodillas (dos de ellos bilateral), con lesiones capsuloligamentosas múltiples de rodillas entre las cuales siempre estaba comprometida la esquina posterolateral. Estos pacientes fueron tratados entre marzo de 1994 y junio del 2000 en el Hospital Dipreca o en la Clínica Las Condes. Las lesiones combinadas en las 21 rodillas analizadas son: ruptura de LCA-PL: 5, ruptura de LCP-PL: 7; ruptura de LCA-LCP y PL: 9. Los pacientes se dividieron en tres grupos: Grupos A: 12 rodillas a las que se les realizó un reparación anatómica primaria. Grupo B: 9 rodillas tratadas con una tenodesis del biceps. Grupo C: 5 rodillas sometidas a una reconstrucción posterolateral de Clancy modificada, en la cual el injerto se dividió en dos o tres bandas. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el test de student. Resultados: Grupo A: doce rodillas, 11 hombres y 1 mujer. La edad mediana fue de 30 años. El seguimiento mínimo fue de 27 meses con un rango de 18 a 96 meses. Ocho de doce (66 por ciento) describieron restricciones importantes para realizar actividades de la vida diaria y estaban insatisfechos con el procedimiento quirúrgico. La escala IKDC presentaba a pacientes en la categoría más baja: D (anormal). Cinco pacientes requirieron de un nuevo procedimiento quirúrgico. Grupo B: Constituido por nueve rodillas, todos de sexo masculino. La edad mediana fue de 29 años. El seguimiento mínimo fue de 29 meses con un rango de 12 a 96 meses. Siete de 9 (77 por ciento) refirieron no tener ninguna restricción para efectuar actividades de la vida diaria y laboral. El 89 por ciento estaban satisfechos con su tratamiento. La escala IKDC fue D (cercano a normal) con un puntaje promedio de 86,7 (rango 20,9 a 96,6). Grupo C: Formado por 5 rodillas, hombres. La edad mediana fue de 29 años. El seguimiento mínimo fue de 17 meses con un rango de 12 a 96 meses. Todos ellos (100 por ciento) retornaron a sus trabajos originales sin restricciones

Síndrome de piernas inquietas: estudi clínico en población general adulta y en pacientes urémicos / Restless legs syndrome: a clinical study in chilean general population and in uremic patients

Background: The restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a movement disorder characterized by an imperative urge to move the legs, associated with paraesthesias, motor restlessness and worsening of symptoms at night with at least partial relief by activity. Its prevalence ranges between 2-15 percent of general adult population and 20-30 percent of uremic patients. Aim: To evaluate the frecuency and the clinical features of RLS in a sample of general adult population and in uremic patients, in Chile, correlating it with biochemical parameters. Method: 100 relatives of outpatients and 166 uremic patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis were interviewed assessing the presence and severity of RLS according to current diagnostic criteria. Biochemical parameters assessed were hematocrit, serum ferritin, phosphate, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels. Results: 13 percent of the general population sample was affected, 15 percent of them were severe. Forty three cases were found among uremic patients (25.9 percent) (p <0.01 vs general population), 60 percent of them were severe and women were affected with higher frequency (p <0.05) and severity (p <0.01). Four patients presented RLS even during hemodialysis. No correlation was found with biochemical parameters. Most RLS cases had not been diagnosed previously. Conclusions: In our population RLS is common and undetected. It is especially prevalent and severe in uremic patients: we found no evidence that anaemia, iron deficiency or iPTH level play a major pathogenic role. Our findings emphasize the need of greater medical awareness of RLS because available therapy may improve the quality of life

Osteomalacia hipofosfémica adquirida post-trasplante renal: una causa de osteoporosis grave / Hypophosphatemic osteomalacia adquiared post renal transplantation: a cause of severe osteoporosis

Renal osteodystrophy improves after renal transplantation but, after the procedure, other forms of bone disease emerge. We report a male patient that received a renal allograft four years before, who consulted for low back pain secondary to multiple vertebral compression fractures. The patient had good renal function, a parathormone independent hyperphosphaturia, normal 25-OH cholecalciferol, increased urinary hydroxyproline, decreased osteocalcin, reduced bone density and a bone biopsy revealing osteomalacia. The diagnosis of hypophosphemic osteomalacia was reached and treatment with phosphates and ergocalciferol was started but, despite this, the patient suffered a new fracture 2 years later. Two mechanisms can produce hypophosphatemia after a renal transplantation: a parathormone excess due to the previous renal failure, that disappears during the first year after the transplantation or a derangement in renal phosphate transport that can be due to a generalized proximal tubule solute transport derangement (Fanconi syndrome), parathormone hypersensitivity or to an idiopathic hyperphosphaturia. Despite a good treatment, bone mass is not recovered and there is a high fracture risk. Mineral metabolism must be closely monitored after a renal allograft and its alterations must be quickly treated

Linfoma primario cerebral post trasplante renal: comunicación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Primary brain lymphoma post renal transplantation: report of a case and literature review

We report a 30 years old male, presenting eight years after a kidney transplant with intracraneal hypertension and two hyperdense masses detected in a brain CAT scan, whose histopathological study revealed a giant cell immnunoblastic lymphoma. The patient was successfully treated with chemo and radiotherapy and after 18 months of follow up there is no evidence of tumoral relapse. Immunocompromised patients specially transplant recipients, had a several fold higher incidence of malignant tumors, specially primary lymphomas of the central nervous system. These are generally of B type, are associated to Epstein Barr virus and have a high mortality. Cancer must be considered in the differential diagnosis of masses of uncertain origin in transplant recipients